Prenatal Flu Exposure Tied to Schizophrenia Risk

Some children who were exposed to the flu virus in the womb may be at increased risk of developing schizophrenia later in life, a new study suggests.

It's known that schizophrenia is a disorder of disrupted brain development, and researchers have long believed that it arises from a combination of genetic susceptibility and environmental factors.

Among the suspected environmental factors is fetal exposure to a mother's infection during pregnancy, with the influenza virus being one of the potential culprits.

The new study found that schizophrenic adults who had been exposed to the flu virus in the womb tended to have lower scores on IQ tests in childhood, before the onset of psychosis, compared with their peers.

In contrast, prenatal influenza exposure seemed to have no impact on childhood IQ among study participants who did not go on to develop schizophrenia, researchers report in the journal Biological Psychiatry.

"The results from our study suggest that decreases in cognitive performance that are frequently found in children who later develop schizophrenia could be partially attributable to fetal exposure to influenza," lead researcher Dr. Lauren M. Ellman, of Columbia University in New York, told Reuters Health.

However, flu exposure alone does not tell the whole story.

It's likely, Ellman explained, that some other factor associated with schizophrenia — whether that be genes or another environmental exposure — renders the fetal brain vulnerable to damage from the influenza virus.

She also pointed out that the effects appeared dependent on the strain of influenza. Only maternal infection with influenza B, and not influenza A, was linked to childhood cognitive performance and later schizophrenia.

The findings are based on a comparison of 111 adults with schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders and 333 healthy adults the same age. All had been part of a larger study of prenatal factors and childhood development begun in 1959; their mothers were followed during pregnancy, and as 7-year-olds, the study participants took standard tests of IQ and cognition.

The findings, according to Ellman, offer hope that there may be ways to prevent schizophrenia in some cases. Flu vaccination during pregnancy would be one example, she said.

In addition, Ellman noted, pinning down the various risk factors for the disorder — like prenatal flu exposure and poorer cognitive performance in childhood — may help identify children who are at increased risk of schizophrenia before symptoms appear.

It's not yet clear how to best intervene at that point, however.

Right now, Ellman said, "our best estimate is to try to target the problem itself by 'working out' the parts of the brain that are disrupted, with cognitive tasks similar to those used with children who have learning disorders."