FBI may have violated First Amendment with Twitter moderation requests, experts warn

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Rep. Jim Jordan, R-Ohio, weighs in on the 'Twitter Files' revelations and how a GOP-controlled House will respond on 'Hannity.' 

The FBI may have may have violated the First Amendment by asking Twitter to moderate certain speech, as revealed in a recent "Twitter Files" release, constitutional experts tell Fox News Digital. 

A Twitter Files installment released by Substack journalist Matt Taibbi last week revealed Twitter’s former head of safety, Yoel Roth, apparently attended weekly meetings with the FBI, the Department of Homeland Security and the Director of National Intelligence about moderating misinformation ahead of the 2020 election.

In October 2020, just weeks before the election, the FBI prompted Twitter to take action after it flagged two tweets related to alleged voter fraud, according to a screenshot of internal communications posted by Taibbi. Twitter responded by slapping a label that said "Learn how voting is safe and secure" on one of the tweets from a GOP Indiana politician, according to the screenshot.

Screenshots also showed Twitter’s current policy director, Nick Pickles, and a marketing employee discussing how the company detects misinformation partly through "partnerships" with the FBI and DHS.

JAMES BAKER, TWITTER LAWYER FIRED BY ELON MUSK, PLAYED KEY ROLE IN FBI’S TRUMP-RUSSIA COLLUSION PROBE

To further complicate matters, Jim Baker, Twitter’s former deputy general counsel, got his top job at the social media giant after playing a key role in pushing the Trump-Russia collusion narrative during his time at the FBI, where he served as general counsel.

New Twitter CEO Elon Musk fired Baker this month due to concerns over his "possible role in suppression of information important to the public dialogue." It was later reported that Baker had a hand in vetting, without Musk’s knowledge, the first installment of the Twitter Files that detailed the company’s suppression of the New York Post’s Hunter Biden laptop story ahead of the 2020 election.

Jim Baker, left, and Elon Musk. (Getty Images)

Baker’s name surfaced in the Twitter Files due to internal company discussions about the laptop story, during which he concluded, "It's reasonable for us to assume" that the laptop story came from hacked materials despite other employees' protests.

The White House on Friday said it had no involvement in pressuring Twitter to censor information and that no one had been in contact with Baker before his firing.

"It's up to private companies to make these type of decisions," White House press secretary Karine Jean-Pierre insisted. "We were not involved. I can say that we were not involved." 

Press secretary Karine Jean-Pierre holds the daily news conference at the White House, Dec. 8, 2022. (Chip Somodevilla/Getty Images)

National Security Council strategic communications coordinator John Kirby similarly told Fox News on Sunday that the Biden administration is not "directing private social media companies on how to manage their content."

"It’s up to these social media companies to determine how they’re going to manage their content," he said.

It’s a stark contrast from last year, when White House press secretary Jen Psaki boasted that the White House was in "in regular touch with social media platforms," working to combat the spread of disinformation on COVID-19. 

"We are in regular touch with the social media platforms, and those engagements typically happen through members of our senior staff and also members of our COVID-19 team … specifically on the pandemic," Psaki said in July 2021. 

Heritage Foundation senior legal fellow Hans von Spakovsky told Fox News Digital that while Twitter is a private company that is free to moderate content, the company could be viewed as an agent for the federal government if it is found to be taking its direction. 

"The First Amendment applies to the government and prohibits censorship by government agencies and entities, not private actors," Von Spakovsky said. 

"However, when a private company is censoring information based on direction, coordination and cooperation with the government, then legally it may be considered to be acting as an agent for the government, and it may be found to be violating the First Amendment."

RATCLIFFE: NO ‘COINCIDENCE’ JIM BAKER GOT TOP TWITTER JOB AFTER PUSHING RUSSIAN COLLUSION NARRATIVE

Ilya Shapiro, director of constitutional studies at the Manhattan Institute, told Fox News Digital the Twitter Files controversy is "worse" than cases he’s previously covered regarding government and Big Tech "collusion," because "when the FBI ‘asks’ for something, that’s pretty serious."

George Mason University professor David Bernstein told Fox News Digital that "absent a true national security emergency, it's inappropriate for anyone with a political role in the government to be exerting pressure or even lobbying Twitter regarding content."

"The FBI is a trickier case," he said. "If there is no political interference, the FBI sharing information with Twitter is not inherently inappropriate. For example, the FBI could share information that a Twitter account is linked to a known terrorist group. However, there is obviously a line between properly sharing information and a government agency unduly pressuring an agency, especially if there is a threat of retaliation attached. Without knowing more about exactly what the FBI was doing, I can't say which side of the line it was on."

Elon Musk acquired Twitter Oct. 27, 2022. (Getty Images)

Robert J. Delahunty, a senior distinguished fellow at the University of St. Thomas School of Law and a Washington fellow at the Claremont Institute’s Center for the American Way of Life, told Fox News Digital there isn’t enough information yet to determine whether Twitter acted as a government agent and that a congressional investigation is needed.

"We now know from the [Twitter Files] that the intelligence community interacted on a regular basis with Twitter and other platforms, seemingly to ‘advise’ them to monitor what the IC considered objectionable content," Delahunty said. "We do not yet know enough about the nature of those interactions to be able to say whether the platforms in effect became agents of the government. They may have. 

"The next Congress must make it a top priority to investigate the (apparently extensive) contacts between the intelligence community and the platforms to determine whether what amounted to governmental censorship of political speech took place."

YOEL ROTH’S ‘GAY DATA’ DISSERTATION ‘MISTAKENLY’ BLOCKED FROM UPENN WEBSITE AFTER ELON MUSK’S TWEET

Multiple congressional Republicans have signaled they would support such an investigation.

"Some fingers are getting pointed at the FBI’s Washington, D.C., office in ways that are really troubling," Sen. Cynthia Lummis, R-Wyo., told Cowboy State Daily. "The accumulation of accusations pointed at the FBI’s Washington, D.C., bureau, I think, make it ripe for serious investigation by Congress." 

"For far too long Big Tech has operated with unchecked power," Rep. Elise Stefanik, R-N.Y., told CNY Central. "In the majority, House Republicans will hold Big Tech accountable and investigate its attempt to silence conservative viewpoints, including its egregious, biased censorship of the Hunter Biden laptop story. To create a government accountable to the people, we will further expose the weaponized DOJ and intelligence agencies’ complicit involvement in pushing and suppressing stories for political purposes, and we will hold them accountable."

The FBI told Fox News Digital on Wednesday that "engaging" with private sector entities is common practice.

"The FBI regularly engages with private sector entities to provide information specific to identified foreign malign influence actors’ subversive, undeclared, covert, or criminal activities," the bureau said in a statement. "It is not based on the content of any particular message or narrative. Private sector entities independently make decisions about what, if any, action they take on their platforms and for their customers after the FBI has notified them. We focus on our core mission to protect the American people and uphold the Constitution of the United States. Both parts of our mission are equally important, and we endeavor every day to fulfill these promises without fear or favor. "

Rep. Elise Stefanik speaks during a news conference at the U.S. Capitol, Aug. 12, 2022. (The Washington Post via Getty Images)

The release of the Twitter Files began Dec. 2 with journalist Matt Taibbi revealing internal efforts to suppress the New York Post's Hunter Biden story in 2020. Journalist Bari Weiss reported the second installment of the Twitter Files on Thursday, revealing the company "blacklisting" or shadowbanning certain tweets and users. Parts three and four were dedicated to outlining what led to former President Trump being removed from Twitter Jan. 8, 2021. Musk reinstated Trump's Twitter account in November.

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The fifth installment reported by Weiss on Monday revealed that staffers believed that tweets written by Trump about the events of Jan. 6, 2021, had not actually violated its policies despite the company saying they did at the time.

Musk has implied that a future installment of the Twitter Files would involve efforts to those who criticized COVID-19 policies.

Fox News’ Joseph A. Wulfsohn contributed to this report.