Rare case: Woman dies after yellow-fever vaccine

A woman in Oregon who received the yellow fever vaccine developed a rare and ultimately fatal reaction to the shot, according to a new report of the case.

The woman, who was in her 60s, was previously healthy and received the yellow fever vaccine before a trip she was planning to take to South America, according to the report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. But six days after receiving the shot, she went to the emergency room with vomiting, diarrhea and shortness of breath.

Ten hours after she was admitted to the hospital, her condition worsened, and she was put on a ventilator. She developed heart damage and kidney failure, and died after three days in the hospital, according to the report.

An autopsy revealed that the woman had a tumor in her thymus (an organ found near the heart and that is part of the body's immune system), which had not been diagnosed before her death. That tumor may have played a role in her severe reaction. She also had yellow fever virus genetic material in multiple organs, and in her blood.

Doctors determined that the woman died from a condition called yellow fever vaccine-associated viscerotropic disease (YEL-AVD), which is a serious reaction to the yellow fever vaccine in which the virus replicates out of control. The reaction is very rare: For every 1 million doses of the vaccine that are distributed, there are about four cases of YEL-AVD, the CDC says. [5 Viruses That Are Scarier Than Ebola]

People are at greater risk for the reaction if they are ages 60 or older, or have a disease of the thymus. If the woman's thymus cancer had been caught before her vaccination, she would not have been recommended to receive the yellow fever vaccine, the CDC said. (About one-third of thymus tumors, or thymomas, are diagnosed in people who do not have symptoms from the tumors.)

Still, there is no recommendation to screen for diseases of the thymus before yellow fever vaccination. (Thymomas are also very rare, with about 13 cases per 1 million people per year in the United States.)

Yellow fever virus is spread by mosquitoes, and occurs in tropical areas of South America and Africa, according to the CDC. The diseases' symptoms can range from a mild fever to severe liver disease that is fatal in 20 to 50 percent of cases. Yellow fever vaccination is recommended for people living in or traveling to tropical South American or sub-Saharan Africa.

"Although most persons have no or mild adverse events after yellow fever vaccination, the benefits of vaccination among travelers who have a limited exposure period need to be weighed against risk for adverse events," the researchers wrote in the CDC's Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report.

The risks of a getting a vaccine are usually weighed the risks of getting the disease the vaccine prevents. In the case of yellow fever, the CDC notes that during a certain time period, five people developed severe reactions to the vaccine, but there were also four unvaccinated travelers who died after contracting yellow fever.

"When determining whether a patient should receive yellow fever vaccine, the patient and clinician should discuss the risk for travel-associated yellow fever disease as indicated by season, destinations and duration of travel, likelihood of exposure to mosquitoes while traveling, and vaccination status," the researchers said.