The term constipation refers to three issues. The first is infrequent bowel movements. "Normal" activity can range from three times a day to once every three days, said Dr. Anish Sheth, a gastroenterologist in Princeton, N.J., and author of What's Your Poo Telling You?.
Being constipated can also mean that your stool is dry and hard, or that it's difficult to pass. So if your BMs are more spaced out than usual—whatever "usual" is for you—and especially if the backup is causing discomfort, then, yes, you're constipated.
Inside your plumbing
To understand why constipation happens, it helps to know how poop is made. From start to flush, it takes 24 to 72 hours.
1. The food you eat enters your stomach, where it's ground into small particles.
2. The particles head to the small intestine, where enzymes break down fats and proteins so that they—along with other nutrients—can be absorbed.
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3. What's left (a liquid mix of fiber, bacteria, undigested fats and mucus from your digestive tract) moves to the large intestine, which pulls out water, making a more solid stool.
4. The stool passes into the rectum, at the end of your large intestine, where it becomes compacted.
5. Once your rectum reaches capacity, your brain gets a signal that it's time to go. When you're ready to push, the abdominal and rectal muscles tense while the sphincter muscles relax.
What's the deal?
Sometimes there's a mechanical reason why you're clogged up, said Dr. Gina Sam, director of the Mount Sinai Gastrointestinal Motility Center in New York City. For example, the muscles inside your intestines may have trouble moving waste at a normal rate. The longer stool sits, the more water your large intestine absorbs, and the harder and drier (and more difficult to push out) the stool gets. Or there could be an issue with your rectal or sphincter muscles.
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Constipation culprits
Other conditions that can cause clogs: diseases that affect the nerves, like multiple sclerosis or Parkinson's; rectal issues like fissures (small tears) or hemorrhoids; irritable bowel syndrome; and cancerous growths, which can block your bowels. But in the case of a short bout of constipation, the culprit is often much simpler.
You're stressed
"The neurotransmitters that the brain releases when we're stressed also interact with receptors in the colon wall," said Dr. Roshini Rajapaksa, Health's contributing medical editor and a gastroenterologist at NYU-Langone Medical Center. Ongoing anxiety can cause the muscles in your colon to become sluggish, she says.
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You're traveling
"Maybe your diet isn't as healthy, or you're not drinking as much water as usual," Rajapaksa said. "You might be sitting still in a car or a plane instead of moving around."
Changing time zones can also disrupt your bowel habits. Or you just might not feel comfortable "going" in a different environment.
You're taking new meds
If you suspect that a medication is to blame, talk to your doctor about what you can do to offset this side effect (altering your diet, for example), or ask if there's another drug that might work better for you.
You're hormonal
Any fluctuations in hormone levels—due to your period, pregnancy or perimenopause—can have an effect on your bowels.
"Many women who are premenstrual report episodes of constipation, and then they develop looser movements when they get their period," Sam said.
Health conditions that impact your hormones, like thyroid disease or diabetes, can also lead to constipation.
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How to get (and stay) regular
Get things moving again may seem like a daunting task if you've been plugged up for a while, but it doesn't have to be. Ditch the following foods and bad habits to bring back your happy gut.
DO eat enough of the rough stuff
Fiber can't be fully broken down by your digestive system, so it passes relatively quickly through your gut—keeping the rest of your food moving, too. Some of the best sources of fiber are fruits and vegetables, whole grains, legumes and nuts. Adult women need at least 25 grams a day, says Dr. Sam, but most Americans get only about 15 grams.
DO drink lots of water
You need plenty of fluids to flush waste out of your body and to hydrate your stools so they stay soft.
DON'T use laxatives
"Regularly relying on over-the-counter laxatives can mask the real cause of your constipation, whether it's a poor diet, a medication side effect or even a serious health issue," Rajapaksa said.
Repeated use can also destroy the balance of healthy bacteria in your gut, added Sheth.
DO hit the gym
The muscles in your gut follow the rest of your body's lead. The more you move during the day, the more often those muscles contract, too, propelling waste through your digestive system.
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DON'T hold it in
Delaying bowel movements can lead to a cycle of constipation, Sheth said. "Over the long term, it can actually slow down the functioning of your bowel."
DO try probiotics
These "good" bacteria contribute to healthy gut flora and thereby improve digestion. One 2014 study suggested that taking probiotic supplements could help increase BM frequency and soften stools.
DON'T check Facebook in the bathroom
"Even if you're not straining, sitting there for a long time puts increased pressure on your rectum," which can weaken muscles, noted Sheth. If it takes long enough that you need to bring your smartphone, that's not a great sign. Pushing out a poop should be a reasonably quick, effortless process—no pain is your gain.
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